4-Phenylbutyric acid is a chemical chaperone, which suppresses oxidative stress by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress. 4-Phenylbutyric acid increases the expression of type 2 deiodinase (D2), via the accumulation of Dio2 mRNA. Studies indicate that 4-Phenylbutyric acid affects genes such as Ucp-1, Ucp-3 and Pgc-1α in a D2-dependent manner. The activation of these genes is thought to increase T3 production. Diabetic studies conducted on mice suggest that 4-Phenylbutyric acid normalizes serum glucose levels.
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